(a) (i) Measurement of physical quantities.

(ii) Scientific measurements and their importance in chemistry.

(b) Scientific Methods

2.0 STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

(a) Gross features of the atom.

(b) (i) Atomic number/proton number, number of neutrons, isotopes, atomic mass, mass number.

(1) A short account of Dalton’s atomic theory and limitations, J.J. Thompson’s experiment and Bohr’s model of the atom.
(2) The outline description of Rutherford’s alpha scattering experiment to establish the structure of the atom.
Meaning and representation in symbols of atoms and sub-atomic particles.

(2) Carbon-12 scale as a unit of measurement.
Definition of the atomic mass unit.
Atoms, molecules, and ions.
Definition of particles and treatment of particles as building blocks of matter.

Explain physical and chemical changes with examples.
Physical change- melting of solids, the magnetization of iron, dissolution of salt, etc.
Chemical change- burning of wood, rusting of iron, the decay of leaves, etc.

Detailed electron configurations (s,p,d) for atoms of the first thirty elements.
Origin of s,p, and d orbitals as sub-energy levels; shapes of s and p orbitals only.
(1) Aufbau Principle, Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity and Pauli Exclusion Principle.
(2) Abbreviated and detailed electron configuration in terms of s, p, and d.

Crystallization, distillation, precipitation, magnetization, chromatography, sublimation, etc.

The boiling point for liquids and melting point for solids.

Electron configurations leading to the group and periodic classifications.

Metals, semi-metals, non-metals in the periodic table, and halogens. Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and transition metals as metals.

Explanation of the periodic law.

Periodic properties; atomic size, ionic size, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity.

Simple discrepancies should be accounted for with respect to beryllium, boron, oxygen, and nitrogen.

(1) Progression from:

(i) metallic to non-metallic character of element;

(ii) ionic to covalent bonding in compounds.

(e)   Periodic gradation of elements in group seven, the halogens: F, Cl, Br and I.

(f)   Elements of the first transition series.

₂₁Sc – ₃₀Zn

(1) Period three metals (Na, Mg, Al).
(2) Period four metals (K, Ca).
(3) Chemical equations.
(4) pH of solutions of the metallic oxides and trioxocarbonates.

Recognition of group variations noting any anomalies.
Treatment should include the following:
(a) physical states, melting and boiling points;
(b) variable oxidation states;
(c) redox properties of the elements;
(d) displacement reaction of one halogen by another;
(e) reaction of the elements with water and alkali (balanced equations required).

(1) Their electron configurations, physical properties and chemical reactivity of the elements and their compounds.
(2) Physical properties should include: physical states, metallic properties and magnetic properties.
(3) Reactivity of the metals with air, water, acids and comparison with s-block elements (Li, Na, Be, Mg).

5.0 CHEMICAL BONDS
(a) Interatomic bonding

(b) (i) Formation of ionic bonds and compounds.

(ii) Properties of ionic compounds.

(c) Naming of ionic compounds.

(d) Formation of covalent bonds and compounds.

(e) (i) Properties of covalent compounds.

(ii) Coordinate (dative) covalent bonding.

Formation of stable compounds from ions. Factors influencing formation: ionzation energy; electron affinity and electronegativity difference.

Solubility in polar and non-polar solvents, electrical conductivity, hardness and melting point.

IUPAC system for simple ionic compounds.

Factors influencing covalent bond formation. Electron affinity, ionization energy, atomic size and electronegativity.

Solubility in polar and non-polar solvents, melting point, boiling point and electrical conductivity.

Formation and difference between pure covalent and coordinate (dative) covalent bonds.

(g)   (i) Metallic Bonding

(ii) Factors influencing its formation.

(iii) Properties of metals.

(h)  (i) Inter molecular bonding

(ii) Intermolecular forces in covalent compounds.

(iii) Hydrogen bonding

(iii)   van der Waals forces

(iv)   Comparison of all bond types.

CONTENT

Factors should include: atomic radius, ionization energy and number of valence electrons. Types of specific packing not required.

Typical properties including heat and electrical conductivity, malleability, lustre, ductility, sonority and hardness.

Relative physical properties of polar and non-polar compounds.

Description of formation and nature should be treated.

Dipole-dipole, induced dipole-dipole, induced dipole-induced dipole forces should be treated under van der Waal’s forces.

Variation of the melting points and boiling points of noble gases, halogens and alkanes in the homologous series explained in terms of van der Waal’s forces; and variation in the boiling points of H₂O, and H₂S explained using Hydrogen bonding.

NOTES

(a)   (i) Symbols, formulae and equations.

(ii) chemical symbols

(iii) Empirical and molecular formulae.

(iv) Chemical equations and IUPAC names of chemical compounds.

(v) Laws of chemical combination.

(b)  Amount of substance.

CONTENT

Symbols of the first thirty elements and other common elements that are not among the first thirty elements.

Calculations involving formulae and equations will be required. Mass and volume relationships in chemical reactions and the stoichiometry of such reactions such as: calculation of percentage composition of element.

(1)  Combustion reactions (including combustion of simple hydrocarbons)

(2)  Synthesis

(3)  Displacement or replacement

(4)  Decomposition

(5)  Ionic reactions

(1)  Laws of conservation of mass.

(2)  Law of constant composition.

(3)  Law of multiple proportions. Explanation of the laws to balance given equations.

(4)  Experimental illustration of the law of conservation of mass.

(1)  Mass and volume measurements.

(2)  The mole as a unit of measurement; Avogadro’s constant, L= 6.02 x 10²³ entities mol^-1.

(3)  Molar quantities and their uses.

(4)  Moles of electrons, atoms, molecules, formula units etc.

NOTES

(d)  (i) Solutions

(ii) Concentration terms

(iii) Standard solutions.

(e)   Preparation of solutions from liquid solutes by the method of dilution.

CONTENT

(1)  Concept of a solution as made up of solvent and solute.

(2)  Distinguishing between dilute solution and concentrated solution.

(3)  Basic, acidic and neutral solutions.

Mass (g) or moles (mol) per unit volume. Emphasis on current IUPAC chemical terminology, symbols and conventions. Concentration be expressed as mass concentration, g dm^-3, molar concentration, mol dm^-3.

(1)  Preparation of some primary standards e.g anhydrous Na₂CO₃, (COOH)₂, 2H₂O/H₂C₂O₄.2H₂O.

(2)  Meanning of the terms primary standard, secondary standard and standard solution.

Dilution factor

.

NOTES

(a)      (i) Kinetic theory of matter.

(ii) Changes of state of matter.

(iii) Diffusion

CONTENT

(1)  Postulates of the kinetic theory of matter.

(2)  Use of the kinetic theory to explain the following processes: melting of solids, boiling of liquids, evaporation of liquids, dissolution of solutes, Brownian motion and diffusion.

(1)  Changes of state of matter should be explained in terms of movement of particles.   It should be emphasized that randomness decreases (and orderliness increases) from gaseous state to liquid state and to solid state and vice versa.

(2) Illustrations of changes of state using the different forms of water, iodine, sulphur, naphthalene etc.

(3) Brownian motion to be illustrated using any of the following experiments:

(a)   pollen grains/powdered sulphur in water (viewed under a microscope);

(b)   smoke in a glass container illuminated by a strong light from the side;

(c)   a dusty room being swept and viewed from outside under sunlight.

(1)  Experimental demonstration of diffusion of two gases.

(2)  Relationship between speed at which different gas particles move and the masses of particles.

(3)  Experimental demonstration of diffusion of solute particles in liquids.

\

NOTES

(i)    Characteristics and nature of gases;

(ii) The gas laws;

(iii) Laboratory preparation and properties of some gases.

(c)   (i) Liquids

(ii) Vapour and gases.

CONTENT

Arrangement of particles, density, shape and compressibility.

The Gas laws: Charles’; Boyle’s; Dalton’s law of partial pressure; Graham’s law of diffusion, Avogadro’s law. The ideal gas equation of state. Qualitative explanation of each of the gas laws using the kinetic model.

The use of Kinetic molecular theory to explain changes in gas volumes, pressure, temperature.

Mathematical relations of the gas law

PV= nRT

Ideal and Real gases

Factors responsible for the deviation of real gases from ideal situation.

(1)  Preparation of the following gases: H₂, NH₃ and CO₂. Principles of purification and collection of gases.

(2)  Physical and chemical properties of the gases.

Characteristics and nature of liquids based on the arrangement of particles, shape, volume, compressibility, density and viscosity.

(1)  Concept of vapour, vapour pressure, saturated vapour pressure, boiling and evaporation.

(2)  Distinction between vapour and gas.

(3)  Effect of vapour pressure on boiling points of liquids.

(4)  Boiling at reduced pressure.

NOTES

(i) Characteristics and nature;

(ii) Types and structures;

(iii) Properties of solids.

(e)   Structures, properties and uses of diamond and graphite.

(f)   Determination of melting points of covalent solids.

8.0  ENERGY AND ENERGY CHANGES

(a)   Energy and enthalpy

(b)  Description, definition and illustrations of energy changes and their effects.

CONTENT

(1)  Ionic, metallic, covalent network and molecular solids. Examples in each case.

(2)  Arrangements of particles ions, molecules and atoms in the solid state.

Relate the properties of solids to the type of interatomic and intermolecular bonding in the solids. Identification of the types of chemical bonds in graphite and differences in the physical properties.

The uses of diamond and graphite related to the structure.

The use of iodine in everyday life.

Melting points as indicator of purity of solids e.g. Phenyl methanedioic acid (benzoic acid), ethanedioic acid (oxalic) and ethanamide.

Explanation of the terms energy and enthalpy. Energy changes associated with chemical processes.

(1)  Exothermic and endothermic processes.

(2)  Total energy of a system as the sum of various forms of energy e.g. kinetic, potential, electrical, heat, sound etc.

(3)  Enthalpy changes involved in the following processes: combustion, dissolution and neutralization.

NOTES

(a) Definitions of acids and bases.

(b) Physical and chemical properties of acids and bases.

(c)   Acids, bases and salts as electrolytes.

(d)  Classification of acids and bases.

(e)   Concept of pH

(1)  Arrhenius concepts of acids and bases in terms of H₃O⁺ and OH^– ions in water.

(2)  Effects of acids and bases on indicators, metal Zn, Fe and trioxocarbonate (IV) salts and hydrogentrioxocarbonate (IV) salts.

Characteristic properties of acids and bases in aqueous solution to include:

(a) conductivities, taste, litmus/indicators, feel etc.;

(b) balanced chemical equations of all reactions.

Electrolytes and non-electrolytes; strong and weak electrolytes. Evidence from conductivity and enthalpy of neutralization.

(1)  Strength of acids and bases.

(2)  Classify acids and bases into strong and weak.

(3)  Extent of dissociation reaction with water and conductivity.

(4)  Behaviour of weak acids and weak bases in water as example of equilibrium systems.

(1)  Definition of pH and knowledge of pH scale.

(2)  Measurement of pH of solutions using pH meter, calometric methods or universal indicator.

(3)  Significance of pH values in everyday life e.g. acid rain, pH of soil, blood, urine.

(i) Laboratory and industrial preparation of salts;

(ii) Uses;

(iii)          Hydrolysis of salt.

(g)   Deliquescent, efflorescent and hygroscopic compound.

(h)  Acid-Base indicators

(i)    Acid-Base titration

CONTENT

Types of salts: normal, acidic, basic, double and complex salts.

(1)  Description of laboratory and industrial production of salts.

(2)  Mining of impure sodium chloride and conversion into granulated salt.

(3)  Preparation of NaOH, Cl₂ and H₂.

(1)  Explanation of how salts forms acidic, alkaline and neutral aqueous solutions.

(2)  Behaviour of some salts (e.g NH₄Cl, AlCl₃, Na₂CO₃, CH₃COONa) in water as examples of equilibrium systems.

(3)  Effects of charge density of some cations and anions on the hydrolysis of their aqueous solution. Examples to be taken from group 1, group 2, group 3 and the d-block element.

Use of hygroscopic compounds as drying agent should be emphasized.

(1)  Qualitative description of how acid-base indicator works.

(2)  Indicators as weak organic acids or bases (organic dyes).

(3)  Colour of indicator at any pH dependent on relative amounts of acid and forms.

(4)  Working pH ranges of methyl orange and phenolphthalein.

(1)  Knowledge and correct use of relevant apparatus.

(2)  Knowledge of how acid-bases indicators work in titrations.

NOTES

10.0 SOLUBILITY OF SUBTANCES

(a) General principles

(b) Practical application of solubility.

(4)  Titration involving weak acids versus strong bases, strong acids versus weak bases and strong acids versus strong bases using the appropriate indicators and their applications in quantitative determination; e.g. concentrations, mole ratio, purity, water of crystallization and composition.

(1)       Meaning of Solubility.

(2)       Saturated and unsaturated solutions.

(3)  Saturated solution as an equilibrium system.

(4)  Solubility expressed in terms of: mol dm^-3 and g dm^-3 of solution/solvent.

(5)  Solubility curves and their uses.

(6)  Effect of temperature on solubility of a substance.

(7)  Relationship between solubility and crystallization.

(8)  Crystallization/recrystallization as a method of purification.

(9)  Knowledge of soluble and insoluble salts of stated cations and anions.

(10) Calculations on solubility.

Generalization about solubility of salts and their applications to qualitative analysis. e.g. Pb²⁺, Ca²⁺, Al³⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cl^–, Br^–, I^–, SO₄^2-, S^2-, and CO₃^2-, Zn²⁺, NH⁴⁺, SO₃^2-

Explanation of solubility rules.

(a) Rate of reactions:

(i) Factors affecting rates;

(ii) Theories of reaction rates;

(iii) Analysis and interpretation of graphs.

(b) Equilibrium:

(i) General Principle;

CONTENT

(1)  Definition of reaction rate.

(2)  Observable physical and changes: colour, mass, temperature, pH, formation of precipitate etc.

(1)  Physical states, concentration/ pressure of reactants, temperature, catalysts, light, particle size and nature of reactants.

(2)  Appropriate experimental demonstration for each factor is required.

(1)  Collision and transition state theories to be treated qualitatively only.

(2)  Factors influencing collisions: temperature and concentration.

(3)  Effective collision.

(4)  Activation energy.

(5)  Energy profile showing activation energy and enthalpy change.

Drawing of graphs and charts.

Explanation of reversible and irreversible reactions. Reversible reaction i.e. dynamic equilibrium. Equilibrium constant K must be treated qualitatively. It must be stressed that K for a system is constant at constant temperature.

Simple experiment to demonstrate reversible reactions.

NOTES

12.0 REDOX REACTIONS

(a) Oxidation and reduction process.

(b) Oxidizing and reducing agents.

(c) Redox equations

(d) Electrochemical cells:

(i) Standard electrode potential;

(ii) Drawing of cell diagram and writing cell notation.

CONTENT

Prediction of the effects of external influence of concentration, temperature   pressure and volume changes on equilibrium systems.

(1)  Oxidation and reduction in terms of:

(a) addition and removal of oxygen and   hydrogen;

(b) loss and gain of electrons;

(c) change in oxidation   numbers/states.

(2)  Determination of oxidation numbers/states.

(1)  Description of oxidizing and reducing agents in terms of:

(a) addition and removal of oxygen and hydrogen;

(b) loss and gain of electrons;

(c) change in oxidation numbers/state.

Balancing redox equations by:

(a)   ion, electron or change in oxidation number/states;

(b)  half reactions and overall reaction.

Definition/Explanation

(1)  Standard hydrogen electrode: meaning of standard electrode potential (E^o) and its measurement.

(2)  Only metal/metal ion systems should be used.

NOTES

(iv) Application of Electrochemical cells.

(e) Electrolysis:

(i) Electrolytic cells;

(ii) Principles of electrolysis;

(iii) Factors influencing discharge of species;

(iv) Faraday’s laws;

(v) Practical application;

CONTENT

(2)  The meaning of magnitude and sign of the e.m.f.

(1)  Distinction between primary and secondary cells

(2)  Daniell cell, lead acid battery cell, dry cells, fuel cells and their use as generators of electrical energy from chemical reactions.

Definition.

Comparison of electrolytic and electrochemical cells; weak and strong electrolyte.

Mechanism of electrolysis.

Limit electrolytes to molten PbBr₂

and NaCl, dilute NaCl solution, concentrated NaCl solution, CuSO_4(aq), dilute H₂SO₄, NaOH_(aq) and CaCl_2(aq) (using platinum or graphite and copper electrodes).

Simple calculations based on the relation 1F= 96,500 C and mole ratios to determine mass, volume of gases, number of entities, charges etc. using half and overall reactions.

Electroplating, extraction and purification of metals.

NOTES

13.0 CHEMISTRY OF CARBON COMPOUNDS

(a) Classification

(b) Functional group

(b) Separation and purification of organic compounds.

(c) Petroleum/crude oil

CONTENT

(1)   Corrosion treated as a redox process.

(2)   Rusting of iron and its economic costs.

(3)   Prevention based on relative magnitude of electrode potentials and preventive methods like galvanizing, sacrificial/cathodic protection and non-redox methods (painting, greasing/oiling etc.).

Broad classification into straight chain, branched chain, aromatic and alicyclic compounds.

Systematic nomenclature of compounds with the following functional groups: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, hydroxyl compounds (aliphatic and aromatic), alkanoic acids, alkyl alkanoates (esters and salts) and amines.

Methods to be discussed should include:   distillation; crystallization; drying and chromatography.

(1)  Composition and classification.

(2)  Fractional distillation and major products.

(3)  Cracking and reforming.

(4)  Petro-chemicals: sources; uses e.g. as starting materials of organic synthesis.

(5)  Quality of petrol, meaning of octane number and its importance to the petroleum industry.

NOTES

(e)   General properties of organic compounds:

(i) Homologous series;

(ii) Isomerism.

(f)   Alkanes:

(i) Sources, properties;

(ii) Uses.

(g)   Alkenes:

(i) Sources and properties;

CONTENT

(1)  Gradation in physical properties.

(2)  Effects on the physical properties by introduction of active groups into the inert alkane.

(1)  Examples should be limited to compounds having maximum of five carbon atoms.

(2)  Differences between structural and geometric/stereo isomerism.

(1) Laboratory and industrial preparations and other sources.

(2)   Nomenclature and structure.

(3)   Reactivity:

(a)   combustion;

(b) substitution reactions;

(c) cracking of large alkane molecules.

As fuels, as starting materials for synthesis. Uses of haloakanes and pollution effects.

(1)  Laboratory preparation.

(2)   Nomenclature and structure.

NOTES

(ii) Uses;

(iii) Laboratory detection.

(h) Alkynes:

(i) Sources, characteristic properties and uses;

(ii) Chemical reactions.

(i) Benzene:

(i) Structure and physical properties;

(ii) Chemical properties.

CONTENT

(4)  Oxidation: hydroxylation with aqueous KMnO₄.

(5)   Polymerization.

Use of reaction with Br₂/water, Br₂/CCl₄ and KMnO_4(aq) as means of characterizing alkenes.

(1)  Nomenclature and structure.

(2)  Industrial production of ethyne.

(3)  Uses of ethyne.

(4)  Distinguishing test between terminal and non-terminal alkynes.

(5)  Test to distinguish between alkane, alkene and alkyne.

Chemical reactions: halogenation, combustion, hydration and hydrogenation.

Resonance in benzene. Stability leading to substitution reactions.

(1)  Addition reactions: hydrogenation and halogenation (mechanism not required).

(2)  Compare reactions with those of alkenes.

NOTES

(i) Sources, nomenclature and structure;

(ii) Classification;

(iii) Physical properties;

(iv) Chemical properties;

(v)   Laboratory test;

(vi) Uses.

(k) Alkanoic acids:

(i) Sources, nomenclature and structure;

(ii) Physical properties;

CONTENT

(1)  Laboratory preparation including hydration of alkenes.

(2)  Industrial and local production of ethanol including alcoholic beverages,

(3)  Harmful impurities and methods of purification should be mentioned.

(4)  Recognition of the structure of mono-, di- and triols.

Primary, secondary and tertiary alkanols.

Boiling point, solubility in water. Including hydrogen bonding effect.

(1)  Reaction with:

(a)   Na;

(b)  alkanoic acids (esterification);

(c)   conc. H₂SO₄.

(2)       Oxidation by:

(a)   KMnO_4(aq);

(b)  K₂Cr₂O_7(aq);

(c)   I₂ in NaOH­_(aq).

Laboratory test for ethanol.

Methanoic acid –insect bite.

Ethanoic acid – vinegar.

Recognition of mono and dioic acid.

Boiling point, solubility in water.

Including hydrogen bonding effect.

NOTES

(iv) Laboratory test;

(iv) Uses.

(l) Alkanoates as drivatives of alkanoic acids:

(i) Sources, nomenclature, preparation and structure;

(ii) Physical properties;

(iii) Chemical properties;

(iv) Uses.

14.0 CHEMISTRY, INDUSTRY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

(a) Chemical industry

CONTENT

Acid properties only i.e. reactions with H₂O, NaOH, NH₃, NaHCO₃, Zn and Mg.

Reaction with NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃.

Uses of ethanoic and phenyl methanoic (benzoic) acids as examples of aliphatic and aromatic acids respectively.

Preparation of alkyl alkanoates (esters) from alkanoic acids.

Solubility, boiling and melting point.

Hydrolysis of alkyl alkanoates (mechanism not required).

Uses of alkanoates to include production of soap, flavouring agent, plasticizers, as solvents and in perfumes.

(1)  Natural resources in candidate’s won country.

(2) Chemical industries in candidates own country and their corresponding raw materials.

(3)  Distinction between fine and heavy chemicals.

NOTES

(b) Pollution: air, water and soil pollution;

(c) Biotechnology.

15.0 BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

     (a) Proteins:

(i) Sources and properties;

(ii) Uses of protein.

(b) Amino acids

CONTACT

(5)  Effect of industries on the community.

(1)  Sources, effects and control.

(2)  Greenhouse effect and depletion of the ozone layer.

(3)  Biodegradable and non-biodegradable pollutants.

Food processing, fermentation including production of gari, bread and alcoholic beverages e.g. Local gin.

Proteins as polymers of amino acids molecules linked by peptide or amide linkage.

Physical properties e.g. solubility

Chemical properties to include:

(a)   hydrolysis of proteins;

(b)  laboratory test using Ninhydrin/Biuret reagent/Millons reagent.

(1)  Nomenclature and general structure of amino acids.

(2)  Difunctional nature of amino acids.

NOTES

(i) Sources and properties;

(ii) General structure of fats/oils;

(iii) Preparation of soap;

(iv) Uses of fats/oils.

(d)  Carbohydrates:

(i) Sources and nomenclature;

(ii) Properties;

CONTENT

As alkyl alkanoates (esters).

From animals and plants.

Physical properties such as solubility.

Chemical properties:

(a)   acidic and alkaline hydrolysis;

(b)  hydrogenation;

(c)   test for fats and oil.

As mono-, di-, and tri- esters of propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol).

(1)  Preparation of soap (saponification) from fats and oils.

(2)  Comparison of soap less detergents and their action on soft and hard water.

(1)  Classes of carbohydrates as:

(a)   monosaccharides;

(b)  disaccharides;

(c)   polysaccharides.

(2)  Name and components of various classes of carbohydrates.

(1)  Physical properties such as solubility of sugars.

(2)  Chemical properties- Hydrolysis of disaccharides into monosaccharides.

(3)  Test for reducing sugars using sugar strips, Fehling’s or Benedicts solution or Tollen’s reagent.

NOTES

(iv) Uses.

(e) Synthetic polymers:

(i) Properties;

(ii) Uses of polymers.

(1)  Starch as a polymer made up of glucose units.

(2)  Condensation of monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.

(1)  Definition of terms: monomers, polymers and polymerization.

(2)  Addition and condensation polymerization.

(3)  Classification and preparation based on the monomers and comonomers.

(1)  Thermoplastics and thermosets.

(2)  Modification of properties of polymers.

(3)  Plastics and resins.

(4)  Chemical test on plastics using:

(a)   heat;

(b)  acids;

(c)   alkalis.

(a)   Elementary treatment of mass spectrometer.

(b)  (i) Nuclear chemistry

(ii)   Types and nature of radiations: alpha, beta particles and gamma radiation.

(iii)   Radioactivity: induced/stimulated.

(iv)   Nuclear reactions: fission and fusion in nuclear reactions.

(v)   Effects and application of radioactivity

2.0  PERIODIC CHEMISTRY

(a)   Reactions between acids

and metals their oxides and trioxocarbonates (IV).

(1)    Qualitative knowledge of the mass spectrometer: principles and operations of the mass spectrometer; and its use to detect isotopes, determination of Relative atomic and molecular masses only.

(2)    Wave nature of electrons.

(3)    Quantum numbers and their importance.

Meaning of terms: Nucleons, nuclide.

Charges, relative mass and penetrating power of radiations. Meaning of radioactivity. Difference between spontaneous nuclear reactions (radioactivity) and induced nuclear reactions.

Natural and artificial radioactivity.

Detection of radiation by Geiger-Muller counter.

Distinction between ordinary chemical reactions and nuclear reactions. Generations of electricity; atomic bombs. Balanced equations of nuclear reactions

(1)  Carbon dating (qualitative treatment only).

(2)  Use of radioactivity in agriculture, medicine and industries.

(3)  Hazards associated with nuclear radiations.

Factors affecting stability of nuclides:

Binding energy, neutron-proton ratio, and half life.

Calculations involving half-life

(1)  Period three metals (Na, Mg, Al)

(2)  Period four metals (K, Ca)

(3)  Chemical equations

(4)  pH of solutions of the metallic oxides and trioxocarbonates.

(c)   Physical and chemical properties of period 3 elements and their compounds.

(d)  Silicon

(e)   Periodic gradation of elements in group seven i.e. the halogens.

(f)   Bonding in complex compounds.

(g)   Shapes of complex compounds.

(h)  Elements of the first transition series.

3.0. CHEMICAL BONDS

(a) Formation of Ionic bonds:

(i) Factors that influence ionic bond formation;

(2)  pH of aqueous solutions of the oxides.

(3)  Chemical equations.

(1)  Comparison of the physical and chemical properties of period three elements.

(2)  Comparison of the physical and chemical properties of (hydrides, oxides, hydroxides and chlorides) compounds.

(3)  Thermal stability of CO₃^2- and NO₃^– of Li, Na, K, Mg and Ca.

(4)  Experiment to compare thermal stability of Na₂CO₃/LiCO₃/CuSO₄.

(1)  Structures for SiO₂ and CO₂ account for the differences between physical and chemical properties of the two oxides.

(2)  Uses of silicon and its compounds e.g. ceramics, glass, silica gel and microchips.

(1)  Inter- atomic bond energies.

(2)  Hydrides and their acid strength comparison of the Ka values of the hydrogen halides.

(3)  Variable oxidation states of the halogens.

Definition of ligands and central ions

Examples of ligands

(1)  Formation of coordination compounds.

(2)  Nomenclature of complex ions and compounds (Cl^–, F^–, I^–, NO₃^–, NH₃, H₂O, SO₄^2-).

Tetrahedral, square planar, octahedral e.g. (Fe(CN)₆]^3-, [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺, [Ag)NH₃)₂]⁺ [Cu)CN)₄]²

Reactivity of the metals with air, water, acids and comparison with s-block elements (Li, Na, Be, Mg).

Factors should include lattice energy.

(iii) Polar covalent bonds.

(b)(i) Hybridization of atomic orbitals.

(ii)   Formation of hybrid orbitals.

(iii)   Formation of sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds.

4.0 SOLUTIONS

(a)   Preparation of solutions from liquid solutes by the method of dilution.

5.0 ENERGY AND ENERGY CHANGES

(a)   Energy changes in physical and isolated systems.

(b)  Hess’s Law of heat summation and Born-Haber cycle.

(1)  Ionic character (polarity) in covalent bonds based on electronegativity difference between the species involved.

(2)  Effects of covalent and ionic character in ionic and covalent bonds on the solubility, thermal stability and boiling points of ionic and covalent compounds.

Definition of Hybridization.

(1)  Description of sp, sp², sp³ hybrid orbitals.

(2)  Shapes of sp, sp², sp³ and sp³d² hybrid orbitals. Treatment should be limited to the following molecules only. CH₄, H₂O, NH₃, BCl₃, C₂H₂, BeCl₂, C₂H₄ and SF₆.

Description of sigma and pi bonds. Using C₂H₂ and C₆H₆.

(1)  Outline of steps involved in the preparation of solutions from liquid solutes.

(2)  Determination of concentration of liquid solutes (stock solution) given the density, w/v, w/w), specific gravity, relative molecular mass, molar mass, and % purity.

(3)  Primary standard, secondary standard and standardized solution.

(1)  Definition and understanding of the meaning of the energy terms: systems, surroundings, open and closed.

(2)  Enthalpy change involved in the following processes: combustion, atomization, sublimation, hydration/salvation and dissolution.

Explanation of Hess’s law and its application in the development of the Born-Haber cycle.

(1)  Use of difference cycles to illustrate Hess’s law.

(c)   Bond Energy

6.0   ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

(a)   Definitions of acids and bases.

(b) pH, pOH and pK_w

(c)   Partial ionization of weak acids and weak bases.

(d)  Buffer Solutions

Explanation of bond energy and bond dissociation energy.

(1)  Bond energy as an average value.

Differences in bond energy and bond dissociation energy.

(2)  Bond energy in molecules and its use in assessment of bond strength, energy content and enthalpy of reaction.

(3)  Calculations using summation of bond energies in reactants and products as a measure of enthalpy of reaction.

(1)  Bronsted – Lowry and Lewis concept of acids and bases.

(2)  Conjugate acid-base pair concept in terms of equilibrium.

(1)  Ionic product constant of water K_w = [H+_(aq)][OH^­_(aq)] = 1.0 x 10^-14 mol²dm^-6.

(2)  pH and pOH as a measure of acidity and alkalinity respectively pH = -log[H₃O⁺].

(3)  Knowledge of pH scale.

(4)  Calculation of [H⁺], [OH^–] and the corresponding pH and pOH of given solutions.

Explanation of pKa and pKb of weak acids and bases.

(1)  Behaviour of weak acids and weak bases in water as example of equilibrium systems.

(2)  Calculations involving Ka, pKa and Kb, pKb.

(3)  Ka, pKa and Kb, pKb as measurements of acid and basic strengths respectively.

(1)  Qualitative definition of buffers.

(2)  Examples of buffers from the laboratory.

(3)  Preparation of buffer solutions.

7.0   SOLUBILITY OF SUBSTANCES

         (a) Solubility and solubility product.

(c)   Crystallization and recrystallization.

8.0 CHEMICAL KINETICS AND

         EQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS

(a)   Rate law and Order of reaction

(b)  Rate determining step of a multi-step reaction.

(c)   Equilibrium

Calculations involving concentration, composition and % purity.

Graphs for acid-based titrations. Nature of graphs of strong acid and strong base, strong acid and weak base and strong base and weak acid.

(1)  Explanation of solubility products (Ksp) of sparingly soluble ionic compounds.

(2)  Calculations involving solubility and solubility products.

(3)  Factors affecting solubility.

Explanation of the effect of lattice energy and hydration energy on crystallization and recrystallization.

(1)  Deduction of order and rate law from experimental data.

(2)  Simple relationship between rates and concentration of zero, first and second order reactions. Graphical representation of zero, first and second order reactions.

(3)  Half-life for first order reactions and its significance.

(4)  General rate law equation.

(5)  Derivation of the rate expression from experimentally determined rate data:

R = k[A]^x [B]^y where k = rate constant.

9.0   CHEMISTRY OF CARBON

         COMPOUNDS

(a)   Separation and Purification.

(b)  Determination of empirical and molecular formulae.

(c)   Reactivity of Organic Compounds.

(d)  Alkanes

(e)   (i) Reactions of benzene.

(ii) Comparison or reactions of benzene and alkenes.

CONTENT

(2)  K is constant for a system at constant temperature.

(3)  Relationship between K_p and K_c.

(4)  Calculation of K_p and K_c from given set of data.

(5)  Difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous equilibrium systems.

Other methods should include solvent extraction and melting point determinations.

Outline of steps in:

(a)   Detection of N, S and the halogens.

(b)  Estimation of C, H and O.

(1)  Inductive effect and Mesomeric effect.

(2)  Resonance illustrated with benzene molecule.

(3)  Explanation of the terms:

nucleophiles, electrophiles, free radicals and ions. homolytic fission, heterolytic fission.

Halogenation – free radical mechanism.

Mono substituted reactions of benzene:   toluene, phenol, aniline, benzoic acid and nitrobenzene. (IUPAC and trivial names)

Differences between the reactivity of benzene and alkenes towards certain reagents.

Uses of hexachlorocyclobezane and benzene hexachloride (BHC).

NOTES

           ENVIRONMENT

(a)   (i)   Sources of raw materials

(ii)   Mining of mineral as ore.

(iii) Extraction of metals Mineral deposits in Ghana.

(b)     Cement and its uses

Location of mineral deposits and their nature.

(1)  Metals – gold, bauxite, manganese and iron.

(2)  Precious stone – diamond.

(3)  Industrial mining of limestone CaCO₃, clay Kaolin, solar salt

(4)  Processing of Au, Al, Fe as main products

(5)  Uses of the metals

(1)  Sources of raw materials for cement sproduction.

(2)  Processes involved in the production of cement.

(3)  Uses of cement.

(4)  Environmental impact.

(a) Carbon:

(i) Allotropes of carbon;

(ii) Coal:

I.               Types;

II.             Destructive distillation of coal and uses of the products.

(iii) Coke:

I.               Classification and uses;

II.             Manufacture of synthetic gas and uses.

(iv) Oxides of carbon

I.                Carbon (IV) oxides;

II.             Carbon (II) oxides;

III.           Trioxocarbonate (IV) salt.

(1)  Graphite, diamond and amorphous Carbon;

(2)  Structures, properties and uses.

(3)  The uses of the allotropes should be correlated with their properties and structures.

(4)  Combustion of allotropes.

Different types should include anthracite, peat and lignite.

Water gas and producer gas.

(1)  Laboratory preparation.

(2)  Properties and uses.

(3)  Test for carbon (IV) oxides.

Properties and uses only.

(1)  Properties: solubility, action of heat, reaction with dilute acid.

(2)  Uses.

(i)             Laboratory and industrial preparation;

(ii)       Properties and uses;

(iii)     Binary compounds of oxygen: acidic, basic, amphoteric and neutral oxides.

(c) Hydrogen:

(i)   Laboratory preparations;

(ii)     Properties and uses.

(d) Water and solution:

(i)    Composition of water;

(ii)     Water as a solvent;

(iii)   Hardness of water, causes and methods of removing it;

(iv)   Treatment of water for town supply.

(e)   Halogens:

(i) Chlorine:

I.               Laboratory preparation;

II.             Properties and reactions.

(f)   Hydrogen chloride gas:

(i)    Laboratory preparation;

(ii)Properties and uses;

CONTENT

Test for oxygen will be required.

Test for hydrogen will be required.

Test for water will be required.

Reference should be made to the electrolysis of acidified water.

(1)  Advantages and disadvantages of hard water and soft water.

(2)  Experiments to compare the degrees of hardness in different samples of water.

Redox properties of the elements; displacement reaction of one halogen by another.

Properties should include:

(a)   variable oxidation states;

(b)  reaction with water and alkali

(balanced equation required).

(1)  Test for HCl gas.

(2)  Fountain experiment.

NOTES

(g)   Nitrogen:

(i) Preparation and properties;

(ii)Uses of nitrogen;

(iii)   Compounds of nitrogen:

I.               Ammonia;

II.             Trioxonitrate (V) acid;

III.           Trioxonitrate (V) salts.

(h)  Sulphur:

(i)             Allotropes and uses;

(ii)           Compound of sulphur;

(iii)          Trioxosulphate (IV) acids and its salts;

(iv)          Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid: industrial preparation, reactions and uses.

(i)    The noble gases: properties and uses.

2.0 METALS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS

(a) Extraction of metals:

(i)      Aluminium;

(ii)       Iron;

(iii)     Tin.

(b) Alloys.

CONTENT

Both laboratory and industrial preparations from liquefied air are required.

(1)  Laboratory and industrial preparations.

(2)  Properties and uses.

(3)  Test for ammonia.

(4)  Fountain experiment.

(1)  Laboratory preparation.

(2)  Properties and uses.

(1)  Action of heat will be required.

(2)  Test for trioxonitrate (V) ions.

Contact process should be discussed.

(1)  Raw materials, processing, main products   and by-products.

(2)  Uses of metals.

Common alloys of Cu, Al, Pb, Fe, Sn and their uses.

NOTES

(d)  Properties and uses of calcium and its compounds.

(e)     Reactivity of iron and aluminium with air, water and acids.

(f)     Properties and uses of copper and its compounds.

The compounds must be limited to CaCO₃, CaO, CaSO₄, CaCl₂, and Ca(OH)₂

The compounds must be limited to CuSO₄, CuO and CuCl₂.